Filter-based method for efficient capture of lysis of suspended cells

ABSTRACT

A cell lysis workflow involving a cell suspension that is passed through a filter in a first flow direction from a first side of the filter toward a second side thereof. The filter captures a plurality of cells on the first side. A lysis solution is passed through the filter in a second flow direction opposite the first direction, thereby dislodging the plurality of cells captured on the filter, and resuspending the plurality of cells in the lysis solution on the first side of the filter. The lysis solution lyses the plurality of cells to produce a cellular lysate. The cellular lysate is passed through the filter in the first flow direction.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This application relates to methods for extracting protein from cellssuspended in a liquid cell culture medium, and, more particularly, toautomated systems and methods for cell capture, lysis, and proteinclarification from liquid cell cultures.

BACKGROUND

Many existing methods for protein extraction and purification fromliquid cell cultures are time-intensive, largely manual processes. Thesemethods requiring technical expertise and specialized equipment toperform various steps of the methods. For example, one typical procedurewould include centrifugation of the liquid cell culture to harvest thecells, followed by resuspension of the resultant cell pellet in a lysisbuffer to lyse the cells. The lysate is then clarified through anadditional centrifugation step, where the clarified lysate is decantedfor collection. The clarified lysate may then be run through a proteinpurification column to further purify the desired protein for collectionin an elution buffer for further downstream workflows.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, a cell lysis workflow is disclosed. A cell suspension ispassed through a filter in a first flow direction from a first side ofthe filter toward a second side thereof. The filter captures a pluralityof cells on the first side. A lysis solution is passed through thefilter in a second flow direction opposite the first direction, therebydislodging the plurality of cells captured on the filter, andresuspending the plurality of cells in the lysis solution on the firstside of the filter. The lysis solution lyses the plurality of cells toproduce a cellular lysate. The cellular lysate is passed through thefilter in the first flow direction.

In another aspect, a cell lysis system is disclosed. The system includesa filter sized to allow fluid to pass therethrough and to filter outcells, a reservoir in fluid communication with the filter and positionedon a first side thereof, a cell suspension intake in fluid communicationwith the filter and positioned on the first side thereof, a lysissolution intake in fluid communication with the filter and positioned ona second side thereof, and a reversible pump in fluid communication withthe filter. The reversible pump has a first operating state tofacilitate fluid flow in a first flow direction through the filter fromthe first side toward the second side thereof, and a second operatingstate to facilitate fluid flow in a second flow direction through thefilter from the second side toward the first side thereof. The cellsuspension intake is configured to receive a cell suspensiontherethrough such that the cell suspension is filtered through thefilter and a plurality of cells of the cell suspension are captured onthe first side of the filter when the reversible pump is in the firstoperating state. The lysis solution intake is configured to receive alysis solution therethrough such that the lysis solution passes throughthe filter in the second flow direction when the reversible pump is inthe second operating state to lyse and suspend the plurality of cellscaptured on the first side of the filter to produce a cellular lysate.The reservoir is configured to receive the cellular lysate when thereversible pump is in the second operating state.

Other aspects of the disclosed cell lysis workflow and system willbecome apparent from the following description, the accompanyingdrawings, and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 schematically depicts one embodiment of a cell lysis workflow.

FIG. 2 schematically depicts one embodiment of a cell lysis and proteinpurification workflow.

FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B depicts an embodiment of a filter suitable for usewith the workflows of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 depicts an embodiment of a reservoir-filter compatible with theworkflows of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 depicts an alternate embodiment of a reservoir-filter compatiblewith the workflows of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2.

FIG. 6 depicts a further alternate embodiment of a reservoir-filtercompatible with the workflows of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2.

FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B depicts embodiments of portions of an instrumentsuitable for automatically performing the workflow of FIG. 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring now to FIG. 1, an embodiment of a cell lysis system orworkflow, generally designated 100, is shown. It should be appreciatedthat in operation, the alternative pathways represented in the schematicdiagram by various junctions 101 may include manual or automatic valvesor the like to control and direct the flow of fluid, or alternately,distinct fluid lines may be included to facilitate some or all of thedifferent pathways.

A cell suspension 102 is provided and may include any of a variety ofeukaryotic and/or prokaryotic cells. In one embodiment, the cells aremammalian cells, or more particularly, rodent (e.g., mouse, rat, orhamster) such as CHO cells, or primate/human cells such as 293 or COScells. In another embodiment, the cells are prokaryotic, for examplebacterial cells such as E. coli. The cells may contain an expressedprotein desired to be purified and collected.

Cells from the suspension 102 are passed through a filter 104 andcaptured by filtration on a first side 106 of the filter 104. Thefiltrate 126 (FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B) passes through the filter 104 andpast a second side 108 thereof, and may be directed toward a wastereceptacle 110. Completion of this and each subsequent step mayoptionally be detected by an air/bubble sensor (not shown), or by anyother methods for detecting the cessation of fluid flow or sufficientlylow flow rates known to the skilled practitioner, and in the case of anautomated workflow, a controller is then directed to perform thesubsequent step. A reversible pump 112, which in one embodiment may be aperistaltic pump, is positioned to create negative pressure on thefilter 104/suspension 102 and cause the cells and media to be drawn inand through the filter 104 in a first flow direction, generallydesignated by arrow 114, when the pump 112 is in a first operatingstate. The reversible pump 112 also has a second operating state togenerate positive pressure on the filter 104, which facilitates liquidflow in an opposite, second flow direction, generally designated byarrow 116.

In certain embodiments, a suitable filter system 104 is selectedprimarily based on its flow rate and filter capacity. Additionally, asuitable filter system 104 should have an adequate pore size to capturethe cells to be lysed. In one embodiment in which E. coli are capturedon a membrane system and subsequently subjected to lysis, a 0.2 μmhollow fiber filter membrane may be used. Referring additionally to FIG.3A and FIG. 3B, in one embodiment, the filter 104 includes a pluralityof cellulose acetate-based porous hollow fibers 120, bent into a seriesof loops 118. This collection of loops 118 gives the filter 104 a largesurface area. The open ends 122 of these loops 118 are potted intopolyurethane or some similar polymer to form an end plug 124 (machinedto ensure that the open ends 122 of the loops 118 remain open). In oneembodiment, the hollow fiber filter 104 may be a MEDIAKAP® filtercommercially available from SPECTRUM® Laboratories, Inc., such as theMEDIAKAP-25 filter.

Still referring to FIGS. 1 and 3A and 3B, filtration of the suspension102 is achieved by adding the cell suspension 102 to the outside of thehollow fiber filter 104 and subjecting the suspension to a vacuumapplied across the filter 104 in the first flow direction 114. Thisaction draws liquid and sufficiently-small particles of the cellsuspension 102 through the wall 128 of the hollow fibers 120 of thefilter 104 and down internal lumens 130 within the hollow fibers 120.The cells 132 of the cell suspension 102 are captured in filter fibers134 that form the external surface of the wall 128. The filtrate 126then passes out of the lumen 130 and beyond the polymer plug 124.Accordingly, in this embodiment of the filter 104, the outside 119 ofthe wall 128 (FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B) defines the first side 106 of thefilter 104 (FIG. 1), and the inside 121 of the wall 128 (bounding theinternal lumen 130) (FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B) defines the second side 108 ofthe filter 104 (FIG. 1). It will be readily appreciated that any numberof other filter configurations (including alternative hollow fiberfilter configurations and various selective membrane-based filtersystems) may be employed to capture the cells 132 on the first side 106of the filter 104 and permit passage of the filtrate 126 through to thesecond side 108 the filter 104.

After the cell suspension 102 is filtered through the filter 104, alysis buffer or solution 136 (FIG. 1) is added to the cells 132 capturedon the filter 104 to lyse the cells 132. A requisite amount of a lysisbuffer 136 suitable for lysing the captured cells 132 on the first side106 of the filter 104 is dispensed manually and/or by an automated pumpsystem 138. In one embodiment, the pump system 138 is a syringe pumpwith two way valving to direct flow and provide precise control of thedispensed volume of lysis buffer 136. One or more optional holdingchambers 140 may be positioned between the pump system 138 and thereversible pump 112 to temporarily retain dispensed lysis buffer 136(and/or other buffers, wash solutions, and the like for use in theworkflow 100) before the lysis buffer 136 is added to the cells 132,such that the pump system 138 controls flow of the lysis buffer 136 tothe holding chamber 140, but the reversible pump controls flow of thelysis buffer 136 to the filter 104.

As discussed in more detail below, the lysis buffer 136 may be suppliedto the first side 106 of the filter 104 in any of a variety of ways tolyse the cells 132 captured on the filter 104, which releases theircontents, to produce a lysate including the target protein or othertarget material. Once added, the lysis buffer 136 may be retained on thefirst side 106 of the filter 104 for an optional incubation period,which, in one embodiment, may be about 1-30 minutes. After theincubation period is complete, the reversible pump 112 is operated topump the lysate 136 in the first flow direction 114 to filter the lysatethrough the filter 104 to produce a clarified lysate 154 forpurification or further downstream workflows. In some embodiments, thelysis buffer 136 is added to the cells 132 in multiple passes, usingeither the entire volume of the lysis buffer 136, and/or portionsthereof that are ultimately pooled together as the clarified lysate 154.

A reservoir 144 (FIGS. 1 and 4-7B) positioned on the first side 106 ofthe filter 104 provides sufficient volumetric capacity on the first side106 of the filter 104 to contain the added lysis buffer 136, or at leastportion thereof in an embodiment involving multiple lysis bufferaddition steps. For example, the reservoir 144 may be sized to retain upto about 10-500 mL, or about 10, 20, 50, 75, 100, 250, 300, 350, 400,450, or up to about 500 mL of fluid therein or any volume fallingtherebetween. In one embodiment, the reservoir 144 has a generallycylindrical body 146 with a conical portion 148 that tapers to directfluid toward the filter 104. In one embodiment, the reservoir 144 andthe filter 104 are arranged together within a unitary housing 150, whichmay be a user-replaceable lysis consumable 153 for an instrument 151,such as a manually-carryable bench top instrument, for performing theworkflow 100. The instrument 151 may include any of a variety of ports142 which can serve as intakes and/or outlets for fluids to and from thereservoir 144 and/or the filter 104. The ports 142 may also interfacewith an air supply 145 and/or a pressure sensor 147 (FIG. 7A and FIG.7B) to monitor the workflow. Check valves 155 may be included toregulate fluid through the ports 142.

Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 4-6, the lysis buffer 136 may be suppliedfrom the holding chamber 140 to the reservoir 144 and the cells 132 onthe first side 106 of the filter 104 using any of a variety ofapproaches. As shown in FIG. 4, in one case, the lysis buffer 136 issupplied to the reservoir 144 by “back-flushing” the lysis buffer 136through the filter 104. The lysis buffer 136 is supplied from theholding chamber 140 by operating the reversible pump 112 in the secondflow direction 116 to introduce the lysis buffer 136 through a port 152that is in direct fluid communication with the second side 108 of thefilter 104. The pump 112 drives the lysis buffer 136 into the lumens 130of the hollow fibers 120 of the filter 104, and through the walls 128thereof to reach the first side 106 of the filter 104 and the reservoir144. Accordingly, the lysis buffer 136 passes through the filter 104opposite the filtering direction through the filter 104 that was used tocapture the cells 132. Back-flushing the lysis buffer 136 through thefilter 104 in this manner simultaneously lyses the cells 132 anddislodges the cells 132 from the filter fibers 134 of the wall 128 ofthe filter 104 (FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B), thereby resuspending the cells 132into the lysis buffer 136 for incubation in the reservoir 144 on thefirst side 106 of the filter 104. After incubation, the reversible pump112 is operated in the first flow direction 114 to filter the lysateback through the filter 104 and out through the port 152, as earlierdescribed, to obtain the clarified lysate 154 for purification orfurther downstream workflows. In one embodiment, the back-flushingprocedure is repeated one or more additional times to improve yield.

FIG. 5 depicts an alternate “top-loading” approach for supplying thelysis buffer 136 to the cells 132 on the filter 104. In this embodiment,the lysis buffer 136 is supplied directly to the first side 106 of thefilter 104 from above, for example through a port 142 that is an intake150 into the reservoir 144. The lysis buffer 136 may be supplied byoperating the reversible pump 112 in the second flow direction 116 (FIG.1). After incubation, the reversible pump 112 is operated in the firstflow direction to drive and clarify the lysate through the filter 104and out through the port 152 as earlier described. In this embodiment,the cells 132 are not resuspended and agitated in the lysis buffer 136to the same degree as in the back-flushing embodiment (FIG. 4), somultiple passes of the lysis buffer 136 through the filter 104 may benecessary to achieve a suitable yield.

Further alternately, FIG. 6 depicts a “side-loading” approach forsupplying the lysis buffer 136 to the cells 132 on the filter 104. Inthis embodiment, the lysis buffer 136 is supplied to the first side 106of the filter 104, near the base of the filter 104 (e.g., near the endplug 122 in the embodiment of FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B). In the embodiment ofFIG. 6, the lysis buffer 136 is added through an intake 156. Adding thelysis buffer 136 at this location generates a vortex effect within thefilter 104 and increases agitation to dislodge the cells 132 from thewall 28 of the fibers 118 of the filter 104, without the need toback-flush fluid through the filter 104 from the second side 108 to thefirst side 106 thereof.

The workflow 100 may incorporate features of more than one of the lysisbuffer 136 supply methods of FIGS. 4-6. For example, in one embodiment,the lysis step may begin with one or more back-flushing steps andincubation steps to simultaneously lyse and dislodge the cells 132 fromthe filter 104. Then, additional lysis buffer 136 (or, alternately, someor all of the lysate from the back-flushing step) may be added backthrough the reservoir 144 using the “top loading” methodology to rinsethe filter 104 and avoid or minimize lysate loss from residual materialleft behind on the filter 104 after the back-flushing step(s).

Any acceptable lysis buffer known in the art may be used for theworkflow 100 described herein. The selection of a suitable lysis bufferto properly lyse various types of cells is well within the skill levelof the practitioner, and lysis buffers suitable for lysing bacterialcells, plant cells, fungal cells, yeast cell, animal cells, insectcells, dispersed cells and the like are known in the art. In oneembodiment, the lysis buffer 136 is substantially free of proteases andcontains at least one nuclease. The nuclease may be a DNase, or acombination of a DNase with an RNase, which can prevent problems withfilter performance stemming from the release of double-stranded DNA(dsDNA) and the subsequent increase in cell lysate viscosity. Suitableenzymes include BENZONASE® (EMD), TURBEDNASE® (Life Technologies), andCYANASE® (RiboSolutions). One benefit of using CYANASE® is that theenzyme may be deactivated if desired upon completion of the lysis step.The lysis buffer 136 may further include any of a variety of additionaladditives and/or detergents as appropriate for the particular type ofcell included in the cell suspension 102 and the target protein. In oneembodiment, the lysis buffer includes pH 8.0 Tris buffer, NaCl,3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS),β-D-thioglucopyranoside (OTGP), imidazole, and BENZONASE®.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the workflow 100 may optionally include oneor more wash steps after the filtration of the cell suspension 102through the filter 104 and before the addition of the lysis buffer 136.In this case, a suitable aqueous wash buffer 158 is passed through thefilter 104 containing the capture cells 132 to remove protein or othercomponents contaminating the captured cells 132. The wash buffer 158 maybe supplied using any of the methodologies described above with respectto the lysis buffer 136. The wash buffer 158 may first be dispensedusing the pump system 138 to the holding chamber 140, and then suppliedto the filter 104 and reservoir 144 by the pump 112 in the second flowdirection 116. The wash buffer 158 may rinse the cells 132 using the“back-flushing,” “top-loading,” and/or “side-loading” methodologies, orcombinations thereof.

Referring now to FIG. 2, which depicts an embodiment of the disclosedworkflow generally designated 100′, the workflow 100′ may furtherinclude purifying a protein or other target material from the clarifiedlysate 154. The protein may be purified using any method known in theart, such as chromatography through the use of a purification column160, including but not limited to affinity chromatography, gelfiltration chromatography, and ion exchange chromatography, or acombination thereof. In one embodiment, the protein is purified usingaffinity chromatography methodology, where the purification column 160is loaded with a charged resin, such as MC20 POROS® (Applied Biosystems,LLC) resin activated with nickel sulfate.

To purify the protein product from the clarified lysate 154, thereversible pump 112 and/or the pump system 138 can be activated todirect the clarified lysate 154 from the filter 104 and to load theclarified lysate 154 onto the purification column 160. The targetprotein product is retained on the column 160, while the remainder ofthe lysate fluid passes through the column 160. The clarified lysate 154may be cycled through the purification column 160 multiple times toimprove the yield. Once purification is complete, the remaining liquidmay be pumped to the waste receptacle 110 and discarded. Wash buffer 158may optionally be cycled through the purification column 160 one or moretimes. The target protein may then be eluted from the purificationcolumn 160 with an elution buffer 162 of any suitable type known in theart, which in one embodiment may include pH 8.0 Tris buffer, NaCl, andimidazole. In one embodiment, the target protein is eluted in about 5 mLof elution buffer, or less. The protein-containing eluent may then bedirected via the reversible pump 112 and/or pump system 138, and/ormanually, for collection in an elution tube 164 for further downstreamworkflows.

Referring again to FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B, an automated embodimentincorporating the workflow 100′ may be contained with a singleinstrument 151, which in one case may be a manually-carryable bench topinstrument. The purification column 160 may be included in auser-replaceable purification consumable 166 for insertion into theinstrument 151. In one embodiment, the purification consumable 166 has ahousing 168 that includes the purification column 160 and a reservoir170 to receive and retain a volume of clarified lysate 154 or otherfluid to loaded to or otherwise passed through the column 160. Thereservoir 170 may be generally cylindrical in shape, and include atapered conical portion 171 to facilitate liquid flow from the reservoir170 into the purification column 160. The portion of the instrument 151which receives the purification consumable 166 may include featuressimilar to those described above with respect to the portion of theinstrument 151 that receives the lysis consumable 153. For example, thisportion of the instrument 151 may include any of a variety of ports 172to serve as intakes for fluids to enter the reservoir 170 or tointerface with an air supply and/or a pressure sensor to control andmonitor the workflow 100′. An outlet 174 is positioned to facilitateflow of liquids out of the column 160.

In some embodiments, any of the individual steps of the workflows 100,100′ described above may be performed manually by a user or users whomay monitor the progression and/or the completion thereof. Optionally,in some embodiments any one or more of the individual steps of theworkflows 100, 100′ may be automated and may operate independently ofany user monitoring or input, aside from, in one case, stocking theliquid components 102,136, 158, 162. In one embodiment of an automatedworkflow 100, 100′, the process may be controlled by a touch screencomputer running LABVIEW® (National Instruments corporation) software,or other suitable software capable of directing and controlling thevarious steps of the workflow 100, 100′.

In one embodiment of an automated workflow 100, 100′ the workflow isperformed substantially entirely within the instrument 151, for examplea manually-carryable bench top instrument that is configured to receivethe lysis consumable 153 and/or the purification consumable 166. In someembodiments, the sources of the various fluids and buffers 102,136, 158,162, and/or various collection vessels such as the holding chamber 140,elution tube 164, and/or a container for the clarified lysate 154, maybe positioned external to the instrument 151 but fluidly connectedthereto through suitable ports and valve systems. The instrument 151 maybe operatively connected to a controller loaded with software forautomating the workflow 100, 100′ and a user interface to providecontrol and monitoring capabilities over the progress and specificfunctional parameters of the workflow 100, 100′.

In one embodiment of an automated workflow, the entire lysis process,including filtration of up to at least 1 liter of the cell suspension102, any optional wash steps using the wash buffer 158, all stepsrelated to loading the lysis buffer 136 into the reservoir 144 forincubation and/or resuspension of captured cells 132 and lysing thecells 132, and collection of the clarified lysate 154 are completed in 2hours or less. In one embodiment, all steps involved in collecting apurified target protein from the clarified lysate 154, includingpurification of the target protein through the purification column 160,with all wash and elution steps, are completed in about 2 hours or less.Accordingly, in one embodiment, filtration, lysis, clarification, andpurification of a target protein from up to at least 1 liter of cellsuspension 102 may be completed in a single automated process in about 4hours or less. The workflow 100, 100′ is scalable to accommodatefiltration and/or purification requirements for volumes of cellsuspension 102 greater than 1 liter by increasing the size and/or numberof the various system components.

The embodiments of this invention shown in the drawings and describedabove are exemplary of numerous embodiments that may be made within thescope of the appended claims. It is contemplated that numerous otherconfigurations of the disclosure may be created taking advantage of thedisclosed approach. In short, it is the applicants' intention that thescope of the patent issuing herefrom will be limited only by the scopeof the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A cell lysis workflow comprising the steps of: a)passing a cell suspension through a filter in a first flow directionfrom a first side of the filter toward a second side thereof, whereinthe filter captures a plurality of cells on the first side; b) passing alysis solution through the filter in a second flow direction oppositethe first direction, thereby dislodging the plurality of cells capturedon the filter and resuspending the plurality of cells in the lysissolution on the first side of the filter, wherein the lysis solutionlyses the plurality of cells to produce a cellular lysate; and c)passing the cellular lysate through the filter in the first flowdirection.
 2. The cell lysis workflow of claim 1, wherein steps a)through c) are carried out automatically.
 3. The cell lysis workflow ofclaim 2, wherein the process further comprises isolating a protein fromthe cellular lysate.
 4. The cell lysis workflow of claim 1, furthercomprising, between steps a) and b), passing a wash solution through thefilter in the first flow direction.
 5. The cell lysis workflow of claim1, further comprising, between steps b) and c), incubating the cellularlysate for a predetermined period of time.
 6. The cell lysis workflow ofclaim 1, further comprising isolating or purifying a protein from thecellular lysate.
 7. The cell lysis workflow of claim 6, wherein theprotein is isolated by column chromatography selected from the groupconsisting of affinity chromatography, gel filtration chromatography,and ion exchange chromatography, or a combination thereof.
 8. The celllysis workflow of claim 1, wherein the filter is a hollow fiber filter.9. The cell lysis workflow of claim 1, further comprising providing areversible pump, wherein the reversible pump is operable to selectivelycause fluid to pass through the filter in the first flow direction orthe second flow direction.
 10. The cell lysis workflow of claim 9,wherein the reversible pump is a peristaltic pump.
 11. The cell lysisworkflow of claim 1, further comprising providing a reservoir on thefirst side of the filter, wherein the reservoir receives the cellularlysate during step b).
 12. The cell lysis workflow of claim 1, whereinthe cell suspension comprises eukaryotic cells selected from the groupconsisting of rodent, primate, and human cells.
 13. The cell lysisworkflow of claim 1, wherein the cell suspension comprises prokaryoticcells.
 14. The cell lysis workflow of claim 1, wherein the lysissolution contains at least one lysis agent and a DNase.
 15. A cell lysissystem comprising: a filter; a reservoir in fluid communication with thefilter and operatively positioned on a first side thereof; a cellsuspension intake in fluid communication with the filter and operativelypositioned on the first side thereof; a lysis solution intake in fluidcommunication with the filter and operatively positioned on a secondside thereof; and a reversible pump in fluid communication with thefilter, wherein the reversible pump has a first operating state to causefluid flow in a first flow direction through the filter from the firstside toward the second side thereof, and a second operating state tocause fluid flow in a second flow direction through the filter from thesecond side toward the first side thereof; wherein the cell suspensionintake is configured to receive a cell suspension therethrough such thatthe cell suspension is filtered through the filter and a plurality ofcells of the cell suspension are captured on the first side of thefilter when the reversible pump is in the first operating state; whereinthe lysis solution intake is configured to receive a lysis solutiontherethrough such that the lysis solution passes through the filter inthe second flow direction when the reversible pump is in the secondoperating state to lyse and suspend the plurality of cells captured onthe first side of the filter to produce a cellular lysate; and whereinthe reservoir is configured to receive the cellular lysate when thereversible pump is in the second operating state.
 16. The cell lysissystem of claim 15, wherein the filter is a hollow fiber filter.
 17. Thecell lysis system of claim 15, wherein the reservoir and the filter areintegrated into a unitary housing.
 18. The cell lysis system of claim15, further comprising a purification column to isolate a protein fromthe cellular lysate, wherein the purification column is in fluidcommunication with the second side of the filter, and wherein thepurification column is configured to receive the cellular lysate fromthe reservoir when the reversible pump is in the first operating state.